The schematic shown in fig. 20 illustrates how solar cells are connected within a solar module. The output power from a single PV cell is relatively small (approximately 0.5 W) [20]. To maximize voltage and power, a solar array is a must. A PV array consists of numerous solar modules that are combined in series and parallel to form panels, and these panels are connected together to form the entire PV array. The architecture can be thought of similar to fig. 19 with modules replacing the cells. So, in a micro grid, there may be numerous solar arrays connected to provide the required power to a load. The equations used to solve the module current are presented below, where the superscripts: C represents the solar cell, M represents the solar module, and A represents the solar array. Each solar module contains a manufacturer’s data sheet that contains parameters for standard operating conditions. The parameters used are related to the datasheet to test and validate the model as well.
Maximum power for cell
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Open circuit voltage for cell
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Short circuit current for cell
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Thermal voltage of the cell
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Open circuit voltage of the module
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Fill factor
Fill factor at standard conditions
vOC,0~^n{vOC,0 + 0.72)
ГГп
vOC, 0 + 1
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Equivalent serial resistance for the cell
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Thermal voltage of module
Module current
1 — exp
Module voltage
/,м _,м
Module power
pM = yMjM (66)
Also, array currents and voltage are calculated from the equations below.
Total current of array
1А = ҐЇ™1і (67)
Simplified total current of array
Iа = NsaVm (68)
Power generated by array
pA = yAjA (69)
