TRNSYS is a quasi-steady system-simulation code that calculates energy flow and fluid state points for steady flow in an arbitrary set of components (such as collectors, pumps, valves, tanks, etc.) in response to slowly varying boundary conditions (solar insolation and ambient temperature). The time interval is arbitrary, but it should generally be large compared to the time constants of the components in order to justify the quasi-steady assumption; because insolation data are frequently presented on an hourly basis, TRNSYS is frequently used with one-hour time steps. The authors of TRNSYS (University of Wisconsin) have built a great deal of modeling flexibility into the code. There are some 30 subroutines available to model components. At least five calculational algorithms for collectors were available when this project started, but several of these were based upon theoretical models that are not applicable to all collectors considered here. One subroutine, Mode 5, allows collector efficiencies and incident-angle modifiers to be entered in tabular form and can, therefore, be used to couple any analytical or numerical collector models to the TRNSYS code. We have not constructed any specific models for TRNSYS, but we recommend the use of Mode 5 as the most straightforward method of adapting the models of Tables 2.4-2.6 and 2.8.
7.2 Cost Models
The basic data for cost modeling are contained in the tables of Chapter 5. We have not attempted to produce computer-language models for use in MINSUN, but the procedure is straightforward using methods similar to the modular estimating method shown in Fig. 5.1. A computer code based on the modular method, ECONMAT, is available from SERI.94
W. Whitman, Boston Redevelopment Authority
A. Wijsman, Institute of Applied Physics, Delft, The Netherlands (2) W. Wilson, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
B. Winn, Solar Environmental Engineering Co., Fort Collins, Colo.
P. Woodbury, National Park Service, Boston
S. Yuan, George Washington University, Washington, D. C.
A. Zaidi, W. L. Wardrap and Associates, Winnipeg, Canada M. Zarea, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela
D. Zaslavsky, Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, Jerusalem, Israel
H. Zinko, Studsvik Energiteknik AB, Nykoping, Sweden (2)
T. Noguchi, Government Industrial Research Institute — AIST, MITI,
Nagoya, Japan (2)
E. Ofverhoim, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm (2)
M. Older, Boston Redevelopment Authority, Boston
I. Oliker, Burns and Roe, Inc., Oradell, N. J.
M. Olszewski, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn.
P. Petersen, Ministry of Energy, Copenhagen (2)
S. Pinkerton, Massachusetts Office of Energy Resources, Boston
R. Potter, Los Alamos National Laboratory, N. M.
G. Purcell, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
V. Rabl, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
B. Rawlings, McLachlan Group, Melbourne, Australia
K. Reed, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.
H. Riemer, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany
B. Rogers, University College, Cardiff, U. K. (2)
R. Rogers, Power Kinetics, Inc., Troy, N. Y.
D. Rose, Charlestown Navy Yard, National Park Service, Boston
F. Salvesen, A/S Miljoplan, Sandvika, Norway (2)
G. Schaffar, Institut fur Allgemeine Physik, Vienna (2)
G. Schnee, The Greater Roxbury Development Corp., Roxbury, Mass.
F. Scholz, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany
G. Schriber, Federal Office of Energy, Bern, Switzerland (2)
S. Schweitzer, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D. C.
P. Sens, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten,
The Netherlands (2)
A. Sigmund, Austrian Institute for Building Research, Vienna (2)
A. Smart, Department of National Development and Energy, Canberra,
Australia (2)
W. Soderberg, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
G. Spielmann, Austrian Institute for Building Research, Vienna (2)
A. Strub, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium (2)
R. Sundberg, Minnesota Department of Energy, Planning and Development, Minn.
S. Swaile, Boston Redevelopment Authority
C. J. Swet, Mount Airy, Md.
R. Tabors, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
H. Talarek, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany (2)
G. Tenet, Solar Energy Industries Assn., Washington, D. C.
W. Tolbert, U. S., Air Force, Golden, Colo.
R. Torrenti, Ecole des Mines, Valbonne, France (2)
C. Tseng, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Calif.
J. van Gilst, Sorane S. A., Lausanne, Switzerland (2)
D. van Hattem, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy (2)
A. V. Verganelakis, Ministry of Research and Technology, Athens,
Greece (5)
T. Vijverman, National Program for Energy R&D, Brussels, Belgium (2)
F. Vivona, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerehe, Rome (5)
M. Wahlig, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Calif.
P. Wattiez, International Energy Agency, Almeria, Spain
G. Hellstrom, University of Lund, Sweden (2)
T. Hirono, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology ~ MITI, Tokyo (2)
P. Holst, Studsvik Energiteknik, Nykoping, Sweden
M. Holtz, National Assn, of Home Builders Research Foundation, Westminster, Colo. (2
H. Jacobs, Interatom, Almeria, Spain
D. Jardine, Kaman Sciences Corp., Colorado Springs
T. Jilar, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
A. Kalt, DFVLR, Koeln, Federal Republic of Germany
P. Kando, National Assn, of Home Builders Research Foundation, Rockville, Md.
S. Kaneff, The Australian National University, Canberra
L. Kannberg, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Wash. (2)
S. Karaki, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
P. Karlsson, Swedish State Power Board, Vallingby, Sweden (2)
M. Karnitz, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn.
D. Kash, University of Oklahoma
P. Kjaerboe, Viak AB, Vallingby, Sweden
E. Kjellsson, Uppsala Kraftvarme AB, Uppsala, Sweden (2)
H. Klein, Ministry for Research and Technology, Bonn-Bad Godesburg,
Federal Republic of Germany (2)
V. Korsgaard, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby (2)
F. Kreith, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colo.
D. Krischel, Interatom, Bergisch-Gladbach, Federal Republic of Germany (2)
R. LaFontaine, Oscar Faber & Partners, St. Albans, Herts, U. K. (2)
A. Lannus, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
R. LeChevalier, U. S. Department of Energy, Oakland, Calif.
T. LeFeuvre, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (4)
G. O. G. Lof, Solaron, Denver
G. Long, Harwell Atomic Enerkgy Research Establishment, Oxfordshire, U. K. (2)
V. Lottner, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany (5)
K. G. Lund, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
C. C. Mangold, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D. C.
P. Margen, Mar gen-Consult, Nykoping, Sweden
J. Martin, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn.
J. Martin, University of Lowell/International Energy Agency, Almeria, Spain A. McGarity, Swarthmore College, Penn.
D. McKay, Atmospheric Environment Services, Downsview, Ontario, Canada (2)
T. McMahon, Australian Delegation to Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, Paris (2)
L. Mims, Chicago
J. Mitchell, University of Wisconsin, Madison
C. Moore, Center for Community Technology, Madison, Wis.
E. Morofsky, Public Works Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
F. Morse, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D. C. (10)
R. Mounts, U. S. Conference of Mayors, Washington, D. C.
D. Neeper, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos J. Nilsson, Riksbyggen, Stockholm (2)
T. Bostrom, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm (2)
R. Bourne, Solar Concept Development Corp., Davis, Calif.
A. Boysen, Hidemark Danielson Ark. HB, Stockholm (25)
D. Breger, Solar Thermal Storage Program, Allston, Mass. (2)
B. J. Brinkworth, University College, Cardiff, U. K. (2)
T. Bruce, Sodertalje Energiverk, Sodertalje, Sweden (2)
M. Bruck, Austrian Solar and Space Agency, Vienna (2)
B. Butler, Science Applications, Inc., La Jolla, Calif.
R. Carmona, International Energy Agency, Almeria, Spain M. Cederstrom, Swedish State Power Board, Vallingby, Sweden
V. Chant, Hickling Management Consultants, Ltd., Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada (2)
P. Chuard, Sorane S. A., Lausanne, Switzerland (2)
J. Claesson, University of Lund, Sweden
C. Cluff, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
T. Cole, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
D. Corrsin, Boston Redevelopment Authority, Mass.
R. Dahl, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany
W. D’Alessandro, Solar Age, Harrisville, N. H.
K. Davidson, Gas Research Institute, Chicago
A. Davis, Alternate Energy Resources, Inc., El Paso, Texas
E. DeMora Fiol, Spanish Delegation to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris (2)
C. den Ouden, Institute of Applied Physics, Delft, The Netherlands (10)
F. de Winter, Atlas Corp., Santa Cruz, Calif.
B. Dikkers, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.
M. Donn, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2)
W. Duff, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (2)
H. Eder, Eder Solar and Public Solar Power Coalition, Los Angeles, Calif.
K. Eriksson, Energiverken I Goteborg, Sweden
R. Engwall, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm
G. Faninger, Austrian Solar and Space Agency, Vienna (2)
S. Fralick, San Diego Gas and Electric Co., Calif.
J. F. Friedrich, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany (2) W. Gerant, U. S. League of Cities, Washington, D. C.
J. H. Gibbons, Office of Technology Assessment, U. S. Congress J. Gleason, Self Reliance District Heating Group, Washington, D. C.
P. Golobic, Ministry of Energy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada J. Goya, INTA, Madrid, Spain (2)
J. Guertin, Massachusetts Office of Energy Resources, Boston
H. Gurney, Boston National Historical Park, Mass.
I. Gyuk, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D. C.
J. Hadorn, Sorane S. A., Lausanne, Switzerland (25)
R. Hakansson, Studsvik Energiteknik AB, Nykoping, Sweden (2)
K. Hansen, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark (4)
T. Hansen, Danish Solar Energy Testing Laboratory, Taastrup, Denmark T. Haskill, DSIR, Wellington, New Zealand (2)
P. Heinzelmann, International Energy Agency, Paris (2)
Distribution for ANL/ES-139
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Internal
External:
U. S. Department of Energy Technical Information Center, for distribution per UC-59a (324)
Manager, U. S. Department of Energy, Chicago Operations Office (DOE-CH) Chief, Office of Patent Counsel, DOE-CH
Energy and Environmental Systems Division Review Committee:
H. J. Barnett, Washington University R. S. Berry, The University of Chicago
B. A. Egan, Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., Concord, Mass. W. H. Esselman, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
M. H. Kohler, Bechtel Group, Inc., San Francisco
N. C. Mullins, Indiana University
J. J. Stukel, University of Illinois, Urbana J. J. Wortman, North Carolina State University P. Achard, Ecole des Mines, Valbonne, France
D. Aitken, Western Solar Utilization Network, Portland, Ore.
R. Aldwinckle, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (5)
R. Allen, University of Maryland, College Park
K. Anderson, Office of Senator E. M. Kennedy, Boston H. Andersson, Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm J. Andrews, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N. Y.
S. Angus, Hooper and Angus Associates, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
E. Aranovitch, Joint Research Center, Euratom, Ispra, Italy (2)
B. Baeyens, National Program for Energy R&D, Brussels, Belgium (2)
C. Bankston, Washington, D. C. (10)
W. Barnes, U. S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs S. Baron, Burns and Roe, Inc., Oradell, N. J.
J. Bigger, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
R. Biggs, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (2)
J. Birk, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
W. Blanchette, Boston National Historical Park
S. Blum, TPI, Inc., Beltsville, Md. (2)
S Surface tilt (0 to +90°; positive if normal to surface points
toward equator)
Y Azimuth of a surface (0 to 360°; clockwise from North)
є Infrared emittance of a surface
n Efficiency
ne, collector efficiency
л-t» system thermal efficiency
По» collector optical efficiency
ndi collector optical efficiency for diffuse radiation
0 Incident angle (0 to +90°; measured from perpendicular)
0EW* measured in east-west plane normal to collector measured in north-south plane normal to collector
9C Acceptance angle of CPC collector
0Z Zenith angle (0 to +90°)
к Time constant
Altitude of sun (0 to +90°)
ps Reflectance for solar radiation
a Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10”® W/m^ • K^)
т Transmittance
та Transmittance-absorptance product of a collector
Ф Latitude (0 to ±90°; North is positive)
oj Hour angle of sun (0 to 360°; noon is 0°, afternoon is positive)
Ф Collector coverage (aperture area divided by ground area)
Q Energy (J)
Qc, energy collected Qa» energy lost Qs, energy stored
r Reflectivity
Son Insolation level (W/m^)
t Time (s)
T Temperature (K or °С)
Ta, ambient temperature Tc, collector temperature Tj, inlet temperature Tl, load temperature
Tp, plate temperature in flat-plate collector Ts, storage temperature T, long-term average (annual)
9
U Thermal conductance (W/m * K)
9
Ul Overall collector heat-loss coefficient (W/m * K)
V Speed (m/s)
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Secondary Subscripts
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Greek Symbols
a Absorptance of receiver
NOMENCLATURE
9
A Area (m )
Ac, collector aperture area
Ag, ground area covered by collector array
b0 Incident-angle modifier coefficient
C Concentration ratio
Cp Constant-pressure specific heat (J/kg * K)
f Row shading factor
F Collector heat-removal efficiency factor
Fr, based on collector inlet temperature F0, based on collector outlet temperature
9
1 Irradiance (W/m )
la, irradiance available to a collector 1^, beam irradiance Іф diffuse irradiance
lg, global irradiance
lh, global irradiance on a horizontal surface
К Total heat loss from an array
KaT Incident-angle modifier (flat plate)
KpttT Correction factor for incident-angle modifier (evacuated tube and parabolic trough)
L Length (m)
л
mc Collector mass-flow rate per unit collector area (kg/s * пИ)
M Total mass (kg)
M Total mass-flow rate (kg/s)
M, collector mass-flow rate c7
N Number of collector rows
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INITIALISMS
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APPENDIX В; LIST OF TASK VII REPORTS
Tools for Design and Analysis, Verne G. Chant and Ronald C. Biggs, National Research Council, Canada, available as CENSOL1 from Technical Information Office, Solar Energy Program, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, K1A OR6 (Dec. 1983).
The MINSUN Simulation and Optimization Program: Application and User’s Guide, edited by Verne G. Chant and Rune Hakansson, National Research Council, Canada, available as CENSOL2 from Technical Information Office, Solar Energy Program, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, K1A OR6 (Dec. 1983).
Basic Performance, Costf and Operation of Solar Collectors for Heating Plants with Seasonal Storage, Charles A. Bankston, Argonne National Laboratory, USA, available as ANL/ES-139 from National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161, USA (May 1983).
Heat Storage Models: Evaluation and Selection Pierre Chuard and Jean-
Christophe Hadorn, Eidgenossische Drucksachen und Material Zentrale, Bern, Switzerland, available from EDMZ, Switzerland.
Cost Data and Cost Equations for Heat Storage Concepts, Pierre Chuard and Jean-Christophe Hadorn, Eidgenossische Drucksachen und Material Zentrale, Bern, Switzerland, available from EDMZ, Switzerland (June 1983).
Heat Storage Systems: Concepts, Engineering Data and Compilation of
Projects, Pierre Chuard and Jean-Christophe Hadorn, Eidgenossische Drucksachen und Material Zentrale, Bern, Switzerland, available from EDMZ, Switzerland.
Basic Design Data for the Heat Distribution System, Tomas Bruce, Lennart Lindeberg, and Stefan Roslund, Swedish Council for Building Research, Sweden, available as D22:1982 from Svensk Byggtjanst, Box 7853, S-10399, Stockholm, Sweden (Oct. 1982).
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[1] Shallow ponds, in which the absorber is usually a plastic envelope blackened on the bottom to absorb the radiation, insulated from the earth and covered with an additional plastic or glass glazing; the plastic envelope is filled with a few centimeters of water, which is heated in a batch mode and drained back to the load or storage when it reaches the desired temperature.
♦Owens-Illinois, Inc., Toledo, Ohio.
[3]Sunmaster Corp., Corning, N. Y. ^General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
[4]MSUNPACm" is a registered trade name of Owens-Illinois Inc., Toledo, Ohio.
[5]R. Stromberg, SNLA, personal communication (1981).
aThese factors were developed by the Subtask 1(b) participants at the third working meeting of IEA Task VII in October 1981. The factors are based on a combination of analysis, experience, and engineering judgment and are intended for use in conceptual design of systems.
^ Although these effects reduce the input available to the receiver, the factors are applied to the net collector output.
cBased on the empirical formula = 1.15 (Ts – Ta)/Qc, derived at third working meeting.
^Based on modification of formula in footnote c.
Assumptions — no data available.
[6]Scandinavian Solar AB.
♦"Teflon1"" is a registered trade name of E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del.
[7]High-temperature storage is, however, being tested in Kullavik.
[8] Parasitic power has been a major factor in the low system efficiency of the two systems employing air-circulating collectors.
[9]The symbols used in the figure and in the following discussion are not consistent with the nomenclature established for the rest of this report. The levelizing factor, M, has already been defined. Other important terms are defined as follows: Me, cost of
collector materials; L, cost of labor; E, cost of equipment; i/L, ratio of indirect to direct labor cost.
[10]U. S. dollars, 1981.
