Charging process can be approximated by capacitance circuit model that is illustrated on Fig 17 below. Capacitance C models and illustrates the capacity of the battery, while Resistance R(V, i) models and illustrates the speed of battery charging and charging dissipation. For the sake of simplification, we assume that R is always constant. The lower […]

Electric energy storage is used to store the received energy from solar cells (at noon), in or­der to be utilized at the time when there is no available electrical energy supply from the solar cell (at night). In general, electric energy storage can be realized in the form of wet and dry batteries, super capacitors […]

The keyword for energy management in solar cell system is sustainability. The main rule, if the total electrical energy supply from solar cells to the batteries is less than the total used energy, then to maintain the sustainabilty, there must be energy supply from the external energy resource(s). Moreover, if the total electrical energy supply […]

2-level PWM, which is illustrated on Fig 11, is successful to suppress the higher order har­monics, such that improving inverter efficiency close to 80%. In order to suppress more on higher order harmonics, it is proposed to use 3-level PWM. To realize the 3-level PWM con­cept, it is required a circuit that can control the […]

The basic principal in forming PWM sine wave is by comparing two waves i. e. sinus wave as the reference and triangle wave as the carrier in real time. The sine wave has frequency fr, which will be the inverter output frequency, i. e. 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The carrier signal has fre­quency fc, […]

Fig 7 shows the circuit configuration of full-bridge inverter 1-phase. The circuit consists of 4 switching elements: Si, S2 S3, and S4. The circuit operation consists of 2 conditions: 1. At S1 and S4 ON, S2 and S3 OFF, in the first half period, then the output voltage will drop on the load with value […]

The following Fig 6 shows the circuit configuration of half bridge inverter. The circuit con­sists of 2 switching elements, S2 dan S2. Each element has one anti parallel diode. The switch­ing element can be transistor, MOSFET, or IGBT. The basic operation of half-bridge inverter circuit consists of 2 conditions: 1. At S1ON during 0 – […]

DC-AC inverter is a vital component in the solar cell system in order to support AC buss system for AC load. DC to AC inverter technology has been developed since the beginning of electronics technology era. At the beginning, DC-to-AC inverter was developed based on sinusoidal oscillator, which is amplified by push-pull amplifier of B […]