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For many years, Photowatt has been a European leader in the manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. Since 1997, the company, based at Bourgoin-Jallieu, near Lyon, France, has been a part of ATS (Automation Tooling Systems), a large multinational concern with its headquarters in Toronto, Canada. ATS specializes in the fabrication of automated production lines […]

©Copyright 2003 Learn how to Screen Print. Screen printing is done all over the world by very large printing companies right down to the guy who does it at home in his basement. Screen printing was first discovered by the Chinese hundreds of years ago. It is a very simple process that anyone can do. […]

Temperature and variations in the chemical mixture can dramatically change the time required to complete the silvering process. The best way to complete this step is by simple visual examination of the process as it proceeds. With the cell on a flat surface, begin by carefully pouring the silvering mixture on to the center of […]

Begin by carefully polishing the face of the cell with a fine grade of steel wool until it shines brightly. Then place the cell with the shiny side up, in the solution of nitric acid. Soon, tiny bubbles will form on the copper disk. Stir the solution occasionally. When the disk seems shiny and well […]

Step 1. Cut a piece sheet copper into the size and shape you wish for your cell. Although.025 inch thick copper was used for the cells described here, just about any thickness will do. Copper is a soft metal and can be cut with tin snips or even with an old pair of scissors. Cut […]

The best cell by far for the you to start with, is a cell made with cuprous oxide (CuAO). Copper actually has two oxides, a red oxide called cuprous oxide, and a black oxide called cupric oxide (CuO). The dark red cuprous oxide has photoelectric properties but black cupric oxide does not. The black oxide […]

Selenium was extensively used in the production of commer­cial solar cells before silicon. Although it can be a somewhat difficult to find a supplier and it is a toxic heavy metal, it is relatively inexpensive and can often be found in old model radio sets, where it was used in the rectifier of the power […]