In a control center-based scheme, the substation computer is used as a gateway to transmitting field IED data back to the outage management system at the control center and control commands from the control center to the field IEDs. The first uses industry-accepted protocols such as IEC61850, DNP3, and Modbus, to obtain the necessary data […]

The operating fuel cost is the main cost incurred in power generation. The primary objective of the ED problem is to determine the optimal combination of power generations that minimize the total generation cost while operating constraints are satisfied. In the proposed model, regarding the presence of the BESS in the ED, the charge/discharge state […]

The schematic shown in fig. 20 illustrates how solar cells are connected within a solar module. The output power from a single PV cell is relatively small (approx­imately 0.5 W) [20]. To maximize voltage and power, a solar array is a must. A PV array consists of numerous solar modules that are combined in series […]

The short-circuit capacity of the grid is assumed to be 1000 MVA. The grid is connected to the transformers through a series inductive impedance of 8%. Losses for the substation’s transformers are not considered. The designed short-circuit capacity for the 11 kV network is assumed to be 200 MVA. As recommended by the IEC Standard […]

3.2 Conceptual Discussion and Background The steadily increasing penetration of wind in various power system grids has at­tracted a lot of attention on the ability of various wind turbine technologies to pro­vide dynamic reactive power and/or voltage support. The increased penetration of wind has also resulted in displacement and/or de-commitment of conventional generation resources thereby […]

For inner Voltage Controller (VC), the following properties are desirable: 1) High loop gain at dc to control the magnitude of the fundamental frequency voltage with low error, 2) High loop gains at fundamental and twice at the fundamental frequency in order to suppress imbalance, 3) High bandwidth to reject harmonic distortions, 4) Robust for […]

Two types of faults can occur in the distribution system: the short circuit fault and the open conductor fault. They both result in power outages for customers located downstream of the fault. A short circuit fault can be isolated from upstream by the opening of protective devices such as circuit breakers, reclosers, or fuses, depend­ing […]

The fuel cost function of each generating unit is represented as a quadratic func­tion. Therefore for N generators and over a period of time T, the objective func­tion can be formulated as follow: T N mb Ftot = XE(a< + biPit + ciP’2) ($) (1) t=1 i=1 where, Ftot is total operating cost of the […]