Perhaps the simplest approach to the aerodynamic modelling of the wind turbine is the actuator disc theory which ignores the flow rotational effects. In this case, one may integrate the increment of the axial forces dFx, across the cross-sectional area of the turbine disc, and obtain Fx = 1 p(V1 – V4)(V1 + V4)pR2. (4.3.7) […]

All modern wind turbines are endowed with a maximum power point control and tracking systems that ensure the optimal operation of the wind turbine. To achieve maximum conversion, the turbine must necessarily operate at an optimum tip speed ratio which to a very large extent depends on the variation of the power coefficient with respect […]

Assuming the conditions of steady flow, the equations are as follows: B ds/c = Tc – W = 0, (5.3.28) B i*t = w – T = o- (5.3.29) d B dSW = /c – /t = 0- (5.3.30) Sc d Tc = Tc, ss – Tc = 0- ds (5.3.31) dB B2 (5.3.32) = […]

The afterburner and nozzle are modeled as a single component. The afterburner can be used in one of two modes, either including the combustor or by in a mode when no combustion takes place. Typically in supersonic flight, if an afterburner is used, it is only ignited at the time of takeoff and powered though […]

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the most useful of the fuel cell types, and it works in high-temperature conditions and is characterized by higher performance and fuel utilization due to endothermic internal reforming occurring in the anodic porous layer. Tubular SOFC and planar SOFC are two basic types of SOFC currently being […]

In order to employ the UKF when precise statistics of the process and measure­ment noise vectors are not available, the adaptive filter method proposed by Song, Qi and Han (2006) is used to estimate the parameters and identify them. The covariance matrixes of measurement residuals are recursively updated in the UKF. The measurement and state […]

The maximum Cp may be determined by taking the derivative of a(1 — a)2 with respect to a and setting it equal to zero. This yields a = 1/3, and the corresponding value of Cp = CP;max is given by, CPjmax = 16/27 = 0.5926. This result is known as the Betz limit, and it […]

The blade velocity components in the blade fixed undeformed body coordinates at a point x from the blade root are (4.10.1) In the above, [uvw] are the elastic translational displacements, vin in the total inflow velocity. If T is the transformation from the undeformed to the deformed coordinates, the blade velocity components in the deformed […]