Twelve OECD country studies were compiled to investigate national strategies in place to promote REHC, in particular heating (Annex B). Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom were selected due mainly to their current policies and interests in deploying REHC. The following sections summarize the current policies of […]

Sweden is a country rich in natural biomass resource and has a long history of large-scale forest production. Around 52% of total land area is composed of productive forest land. As a result, much of the biomass heat resource comes directly from the forest industry including woody biomass fuels and black liquor used in pulp […]

Biomass pellet heating systems typically have a capacity ranging from 5 kW (low-energy single-family dwelling) to 100 kW (apartment building) and are used for heat only (not CHP). The data in the overview below are based on German systems and exclude VAT. Note, that small systems have a low number of full load hours since […]

Instruments SenterNovem, the Dutch agency for energy and innovation under the Ministry of Economic Affairs, is responsible for programmes on renewable energy and energy savings. Carrot and Guidance. In 1994 the Dutch Government signed a long-term Agreement with the solar industry and energy utilities for the implementation of solar hot water systems with objectives for […]

Solar thermal technologies contribute 2% of the total renewable heat supply for the 12 OECD nations evaluated. However, continued market growth as in recent years may lead to a more substantial contribution in the future. The number of policies to support solar thermal technologies has been roughly equal to the number of those in support […]

The use of biomass for heat in Sweden has increased significantly since 1990 (Figure 38) reaching 48% of total heat for industry, 30% for district heating and a further 12% by the residential sector. Most of the biomass is produced from the expansive forests. However, in order to fulfill the increasing demand for wood-chips and […]

Costs for biomass CHP heating systems are based on steam-turbine configurations (Obernberger, 2004). The data ranges have been mainly based on two plants in Denmark and in Austria. System sizes range from 12 to 14 MW. and costs exclude VAT. th Table A5 • Cost parameters for biomass CHP heating in 2005 (excluding VAT) with […]

Renewable heat policy V#»* ^ Nqf#» ^ ^ ^ jf* г&Ь %&Ь Instruments Carrot. A CO2 tax has been imposed in Norway since 1991 from which renewable energy projects are exempt (IEA, 2005). Stick. As of 1999, local authorities were given the ability to impose a mandatory connection of new buildings to district heating plants. […]