Classical PI and PID controllers that are used in conventional control are mainly tuned using specific methods. The design of the PI controller based INC MPPT is as shown in Fig. 5.15. Several methods provide initial values of the controller parameters. The most commonly used methods are based on the Ziegler-Nichols approach. However, these methods […]

In order to calculate WTs’ offers, financial data, i. e. WTs’ life time, installation cost, depreciation time, interest rate, are considered as summarized in Table 6.3 [25, 26]. The annual cost for WTs is calculated as follows [26]: where r is the interest rate, n is the depreciation period in years, Inst_Cost is the installation […]

This chapter demonstrates the potential contribution of variable-speed wind gen­erators to frequency regulation and oscillation damping in the EI. PSS®E has the capability to handle both large-scale power system dynamic simulation and wind generator modeling, thus is employed as the simulation tool in this chapter. The variable-speed wind generator model used and the buildup of […]

M. A. Barik, H. R. Pota and J. Ravishankar Abstract This chapter presents a review of existing control techniques for load­sharing in low and medium voltage networks. The advantages and major draw­backs of each method are described here. An overall comparison is made to find out the best suitable method for the distribution systems of […]

An appropriate technique for controlling generating units in a distribution system to ensure the proper flows of real and reactive powers while maintaining the stability of the system is required. Designing a control scheme for load-sharing in a distribution system is a big challenge because its transmission lines are resistive, line impedances are unequal, most […]

F. R. Islam and H. R. Pota Abstract In a smart power network, PHEVs can act as either loads or distributed sources of energy. The two terms most commonly used to describe the intercon­nection of a power network and electric vehicle are ‘Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V)’ and ‘Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)’. When electric vehicles are connected into the grid […]

A considerable amount of communication technologies that suite the needs of different applications targeted for SG is available. However, economical aspects along with technical limitation factors are among the main reasons for the use of particular technologies in detriment of others. The candidate technologies for the electric distribution networks can be associated with the use […]

After a general blackout, the MGCC will trigger the BS procedure, based on the information about the MG pre-disturbance load scenario. Following the MG res­toration strategy proposed in [8], the overall procedure can be organized in the following sequence of events: 1. MG status determination. The MGCC evaluates the network status both upstream and downstream: […]