A genetic algorithm (GA) is a procedure used to find approximate solutions to search problems through application of the principles of evolutionary biology. The evolutionary process of a GA is a highly simplified and stylized simulation of the biological version. It starts from a population of individuals randomly generated according to some probability distribution, usually […]

One way to model price-sensitive or DLs is modeling them as negative generators with related negative costs. This is carried out by specifying a generator with a negative output ranging from a minimum injection equal to the negative of the largest possible load to a maximum injection of zero [19]. Here, it is assumed that […]

It is clear from the above analysis, that the advantage of both shunt and series compensation of an AC capacitor can be made use of. In shunt compensation, the capacitor is used to compensate the individual induction generators. In series com­pensation, the capacitor is used to compensate the line impedance. The overall result will be […]

Inter-area oscillation is another serious issue increasing wind generation brings about. However, the wind generation’s potential in oscillation damping has been noticed by many researchers [19-26]. In Sect. 8.5, the potential of variable-speed wind generators’ contribution to the EI oscillation damping is investigated based on the EI 16,000-bus dynamic model. 8.5.1 Wind PSS Control For […]

The distributed control technique is based on frequency partitioning between the central and local controllers [50, 51]. The central controller is responsible for controlling the low-frequency term and the local controllers the high-frequency term. Information on the modules’ voltage references, current references and average feedback voltages is shared among the modules. This scheme presents a […]

The design steps of the LQG optimal norm-bounded controller for the nominal system are given below: Step 1: Obtain the region of interest by varying load compositions in the composite load. Step 2: Find the smallest upper bound у on the norm of the uncertain system so that the inequality (10.19) is satisfied. Step 3: […]

From the above literature, there are several issues, which have not yet been taken into consideration by researchers. In this dissertation, some are discussed, with the main focus being on the following. • Consideration of PHEV battery dynamics for load calculation and a cussed in the literature. • Introduction of a novel ancillary service of […]

Controlling the MG loads may be required when operating autonomously for the two distinct situations: • MG with insufficient generation reserve. In this case, the load will have to be curtailed until the system reconnects to the upstream network or the generation increases. • MG with sufficient reserve. Although the MG has sufficient reserve, it […]