Category Renewable Energy Integration

First-generation mass-market PHEVs, such as the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf [10, 11], connect to the grid for only battery charging, which is the most basic configuration. G2V includes conventional and fast battery charging systems, and the latter can stress a grid distribution network because its power is high, as a typical PHEV requires more than double an average household’s load [25]. Charging practices in different locations also have an effect on the amount of power taken from an electric grid by a fleet of PHEVs; for example, charging at work in congested urban centres can lead to undesirable peak load [12], which could require significant investments in expensive peak generation...

Figure 12.20 compares the MG frequency behavior during the reconnection of loads and non-controllable MS when considering both non-controlled charging and V2G service. At t = 5 s the MGCC enables the reconnection of the first load block causing a frequency deviation of 1.5 Hz, which is then corrected by the secondary control by increasing the controllable generation output. The load reconnection is interleaved with the reconnection of the non-controllable MS at t = 30 s, followed by the reconnection of the second block of loads at t = 50 s. After the restoration

of load there is still sufficient reserve capacity and ...

The power losses in a power electronic DC-DC converter can be divided into conduction and switching losses, where conduction losses consist of inductor conduction losses and MOSFET conduction losses [28] (Fig.14.7).

• Inductor Conduction Losses Inductor conduction losses is as follows

Pl = I2L x Rl {14.17)

where Rl is the DC-Resistance of the inductor,

The inductor rms current (IL):

D/2

11 = /2 + (14.18)

where /o the output current and D/ the ripple current.

Typically, D/ is about 30 % of the output current. Therefore, the inductor current can be calculated as:

/l = /o x 1.00375 (14.19)

Because the ripple current contributes only 0.375 % of IL, it can be neglected. The power dissipated in the inductor now can be calculated as:

Pl = /o2 x Rl

• Power Dissipated in the MOSFETs

The power d...

To evaluate the performance of the MAS-based smart grid protection system for the impact of growing penetration of wind energy in the grid, a test system as shown in Fig. 16.2 is used for simulation under different wind power penetration level. In the following sections, we discuss about the function of individual autonomous agents which are responsible for coordinating the protection relays by detecting and isolating a fault with the corresponding CCT information.

Fig. 16.8 Fault current x 104

Fig. 16.9 Breaker fault current

The proposed method is applied to the abovementioned distribution network. According to a sensitivity analysis, the number of generations and the population size are chosen as, 300 and 20, respectively. The method has been implemented in MATLAB® incorporating some features of MATPOWER suite [19] and MAT – LAB® toolbox for GA [27] on a laptop with core i7, 1.6 GHz processor and 4 GB of RAM.

The minimum energy losses over the year are about 7,532 MWh. The optimal sizes and numbers of WTs at each candidate bus found by the proposed method are given in Table 6.4. It is evident from Table 6.4 that buses 54, 62, and 81 have the

The main objective of load-sharing is to distribute the active and reactive loads among the available DGs while maintaining voltage regulation and accommo­dating various types of loads [13]. In LV and MV networks, load-sharing becomes challenging due to the following factors.

• Most DGs have some local loads,

• Most DGs are non-dispatchable RESs, and

• The stability and reliability of the system gain importance, apart from the cost.

R X

—mrYV-

Sab=Pab+jQab

Three different methods of load sharing are commonly employed: droop-based control, communication-based control, and droop-based control with communi­cation link, as described in the following subsections.

From the above literature, there are several issues, which have not yet been taken

into consideration by researchers. In this dissertation, some are discussed, with the

main focus being on the following.

• Consideration of PHEV battery dynamics for load calculation and a cussed in the literature.

• Introduction of a novel ancillary service of PHEVs through designing a filter for a power system.

• Designs of virtual FACTS devices using PHEVs, which a few researchers have addressed.

• A complete power quality solution for a benchmark distribution network using V2G technology.

Figure 13.6 shows the proposed aggregated DFIG wind farm model that consists of a mechanical torque compensating factor (MTCF) incorporated into a tradi­tional full aggregated model. The MTCF (a) is a multiplication factor to the mechanical torque (T’magg) of the full aggregated model that minimizes this inaccuracy in approximation. The mechanical torque (Tmagg) of the proposed aggregated DFIG wind farm model is thus calculated by

Tmagg — Tmagg * a (13.12)

The proposed model also involves the calculation of an equivalent internal network and the simplification of the power coefficient (Cp) function.